Purpose: The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of cervical screening when HPV DNA testing is implemented. Materials and Methods: Medline (PubMed) was searched and experts were contacted for references. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used as measures of effect sizes. Results: The rate of CIN3 and worse decreased about twofold, from 1.19% in round 1 to 0.67% in round 2, and CIN2 decreased from 1.70% in round 1 to 0.80% in round 2. When primary cervical screening with LBC was combined with HPV testing, there was a statistically significant reduction in the detection of CIN2 and CIN3+ at the next screening round compared with liquid-based cytology (LBC) alone. Conclusions: HPV DNA-based screening is more effective than cytology in CIN3 and invasive cervical cancers, by detecting persistent high-grade lesions earlier, and providing a longer low-risk period. However, in younger women, HPV screening leads to over-diagnosis of regressive CIN2.