Breast cancer – Analysis of the selected risk factors

Epidemiological research for decades has focused on identifying the impact of environmental and genetic factors on the incidence of cancer. Aim of this study was to select the risk factors responsible for the increase or decrease in the odds ratio of developing breast cancer in women. Materials and Methods: The study included healthy women with correct outcome in both subjective and objective examinations conducted by a specialist as well as women diagnosed with breast cancer on basis of histopathological examination. A total of 762 women aged 21–84 years were included into the research. Results: The consumption of whole meal bread reduces the risk of breast cancer (OR = 0.30; 95% CI 0.12–0.77). The respondents consuming 100 grams of red meat such as veal, pork, and mutton a day, have the risk of developing cancer thrice as high (OR = 3.34; 95% CI 0.43–25.97). Women consuming one milk product a day in amount of 125 grams have the risk decreased (OR = 0.58; 95% CI 0.30 –1.11), compared to women not consuming dairy products at all. Conclusions: A diet rich in fruit, vegetables, and whole grains with limited consumption of red meat and the elimination of popular fast food such as fries and chips should be introduced to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer. Consumption of pasta with a low glycemic index, especially soy and whole wheat pasta in amount of 100 grams per day is advisable.

Breast cancer; Risk factors; Odds ratio of developing disease.

[1] Ferlay J., Shin H.R., Bray F., Forman D., Mathers C., Parkin D.M.: “Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008”. Int. J. Cancer., 2010, 127, 2893.

[2] Domżał–Drzewicka R., Charzyńska–Gula M., Włoszczak – Szubzda A.: “A voice in the discussion concerning causes for late diagnostics of cancer of the reproductive organ in women, based on the example of the Lublin Region”. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med., 2014, 21, 221.

[3] Kim S.H., Cho Y.U., Kim S.J.: “Weight gain and its correlates among breast cancer survivors”. Asian Nur.Res. (Korean Soc Nurs Sci.), 2013, 7, 161.

[4] Michels K.B., Mohllajee A.P., Roset-Bahmanyar E. Beehler G.P., Moysich K.B.: “Diet and breast cancer. A review of the prospective observational studies”. Cancer, 2007, 109, 2712.

[5] Jung D., Lee S.M.: “BMI and breast cancer in Korean women: a meta–analysis”. Asian Nurs. Res. (Korean Soc Nurs Sci.), 2009, 3, 31.

[6] Reeves G.K., Pirie K., Beral V. Green J., Spencer E., Bull D., Million Women Study Collaboration.: “Cancer incidence and mortality in relation to body mass index in the Million Women Study: cohort study”. BMJ, 2007, 335, 1134

[7] Zhou B., Yang L., Sun Q., Cong R., Gu H., Tang N., et al.: “Cigarette smoking and the risk of endometrial cancer: metaanalysis”. Am. J. Med. 2008, 121, 501.

[8] Coronado G.D., Beasley J., Livaudais J.:”Alcohol consumption and the risc of breast cancer”. Salud. Publica. Max., 2011, 53, 440.

[9] Terry M.B., Gammon M.D., Zhang F.F., Knight J.A., Wang Q., Britton J.A., et al.: “ADH3 genotype, alcohol intake and breast cancer risk”. Carcinogenesis, 2006, 4, 840.

[10] Jenkins D.J.A., Kendall C.W.C., Augustin L.S.A., Franceschi S., Hamidi M., Marchie A., et al.:”Glycemic index: overview of implications in health and disease”. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002, 76, 266S.

[11] Hankinson S.E., Willett W.C., Colditz G.A., Hunter D.J., Michaud D.S., Deroo B., et al.: “Circulating concentrations of insulin – like growth factor – I and risk of breast cancer”. Lancet, 1998, 351, 1393.

[12] Chan I.M., Stamfer M.J., Giovanucini E.: “Plasma insulin like growth factor – I and prostatę cancer risc: prospective study”. Science, 1998, 279, 563.

[13] Augustin L.S., Dal Maso L., La Vecchia C., Parpinel M., Negri E., Vaccarella S., .et al.: “Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load, and breast cancer risk: a case – control study”. Ann. Oncol., 2001, 12, 1533.

[14] Higginbotham S., Zhang Z.F., Lee I.M. Cook N.R., Buring J.E., Liu S., et al.: “Dietary glycemic load and breast cancer risk in the Women’s Health Study”. Cancer. Epidemiol. Biomarkers. Prev., 2004, 13, 65.

[15] Comba A., Maestri D.M., Berra M.A., Garcia C.P., Das U.N., Eynard A.R., Pasqualini M.E.: “Effect of ω – 3 and ω – 9 fatty acid rich oils on lipoxygenases and cyclooxygenases enzymes and on the growth of a mammary adenocarcinoma model”. Lipids. Health. Dis., 2010, 9, 112.

[16] Funahashi H.F., Satake M., Hasan S., Sawai H., Newman R.A., Reber H.A., et al.: ”“Opposing effect of n – 6 and n – 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on pancreatic cancer growth”. Pancreas, 2008, 36, 353.

[17] Pot G.K., Geelen A., Heijningen E.B., Siezen C.L., van Kranen H.J., Kampman E.: “Opposing associations of serum n – 3 and n – 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids with colorectal adenoma risk: a endoscopy– based case control study”. Int. J. Cancer, 2008, 123, 1974.

[18] Kim J., Lim S.Y., Shin A., Sung M.K., Ro J., Kang H.S., et al.: “Fatty fish nad fish omega – 3 fatty acid intakes decrease the breast cancer risk: a case – control study”. BMC Cancer, 2009, 9, 216.

[19] Thiebaut A.C.M., Chajes V., Gerber M., Boutron-Ruault M.C., Joulin V., Lenoir G., et al.: {Dietary intakes of ω – 6 and ω – 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of breast cancer”. Int. J. Cancer, 2009, 124, 924.

[20] Boyd N.F., Stone J., Vogt K.N., Connelly B.S., Martin L.J., Minkin S.: “Dietary fat and breast cancer risk revisited: a meta-analysis of the published literature”. Br. J. Cancer, 2003, 89, 1672.

[21] Cho E., Spiegelman D., Hunter D.J., Chen W.Y., Stampfer M.J., Colditz G.A., Willett W.C.: “Premenopausal fat intake and risk of breast cancer”. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 2003, 95, 1079.

[22] Shannon J.J., Thomas D., Ray R. Kestin M., Koetsawang A., Koetsawang S., et al.:”Dietary risk factors for invasive and in situ cervical carcinomas in Bangkok, Thailand”. Cancer Causes Control, 2002, 13, 691.

[23] Lajous M., Lazcano – Ponce E., Hernandez – Avila M.: “Folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 intake and the risk of breast cancer among mexican women”. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2006, 15, 443.

[24] Hirose K., Tajima K., Hamajima N., Inoue M., Takezaki T., Kuroishi T., Yoshida M., et al.: “A large – scale hospital based case – control study of risk factors of breast cancer according to menopausal status”. Jpn. J. Cancer Res., 1995, 86, 146.

[25] Zhang S., Hunter D.J., Forman M.R. Rosner B.A., Speizer F.E., Colditz G.A., et al.: “Dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E and risk of breast cancer”. J. Natl. Cancer. Inst., 1999, 91, 547.

[26] Park Y., Brinton L.A., Subar A.F., Hollenbeck A., Schatzkin A.: “Dietary fiber intake and risk of Brest cancer in postmenopausal women: the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study”. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2009, 90, 664.

[27] Lee HP., Goyrley L., Duffy SW., Estéve J., Lee J., Day N.E.: “Dietary effects on Breast – cancer risk In Singapore”. Lancet, 1991, 337, 1197.

[28] Trock B.J., Hilakivi – Clarke L., Clarke R.: “Meta–analysis of soy intake and breast cancer risk”. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 2006, 98, 459.

[29] Shu XO., Jin F., Dai Q., Wen W., Potter J.D., Kushi L.H., et al.: “Soyfood intake during adolescence and subsequent risk of breast cancer among Chinese Women”. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2001, 10, 483.

[30] Kim J.I., Oh K.O., Li C.Y., Min H.S., Chang E.S., Song R.: “Breast cancer screening practice and health promoting behavior among chinese women”. Asian Nurs. Res. (Korean Soc Nurs Sci.), 2011, 5, 157.