Advances of exosomes in the cervical cancer

Exosomes are membrane vesicles of an average 30–100 nm diameter formed by twice endocytosis of membrane, which play an important role in the occurrence and development of diseases. Exosomes are participated in the occurrence, development and metastasis of cervical cancer through various ways. Exosomes can also be used as drug delivery carriers or drug therapy targets, with great research potential.

cervical cancer; exosome; miRNA

[1] Kowal J, Tkach M, Théry C. Biogenesis and secretion of exosomes. Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 2014; 29: 116–125.

[2] Johnstone RM, Adam M, Hammond JR, Orr L, Turbide C. Vesicle formation during reticulocyte maturation. Association of plasma membrane activities with released vesicles (exosomes). Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1987; 262: 9412–9420.

[3] Zhang X, Yuan X, Shi H, Wu L, Qian H, Xu W. Exosomes in cancer: small particle, big player. Journal of Hematology & Oncology. 2015; 8: 83.

[4] Saari H, Lázaro-Ibáñez E, Viitala T, Vuorimaa-Laukkanen E, Siljander P, Yliperttula M. Microvesicle- and exosome-mediated drug delivery enhances the cytotoxicity of Paclitaxel in autologous prostate cancer cells. Journal of Controlled Release. 2015; 220: 727–737.

[5] Tang MKS, Wong AST. Exosomes: Emerging biomarkers and targets for ovarian cancer. Cancer Letters. 2015; 367: 26–33.

[6] Falcone G, Felsani A, D’Agnano I. Signaling by exosomal microRNAs in cancer. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. 2015; 34: 32.

[7] Azmi AS, Bao B, Sarkar FH. Exosomes in cancer development, metastasis, and drug resistance: a comprehensive review. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews. 2013; 32: 623–642.

[8] Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2018; 68: 394–424.

[9] World Health Organizatio. Cervical cancer. World Health Organization: Geneva. 2018.

[10] Cohen PA, Jhingran A, Oaknin A, Denny L. Cervical cancer. The Lancet. 2019; 393: 169–182.

[11] Small W, Bacon MA, Bajaj A, Chuang LT, Fisher BJ, Harkenrider MM, et al. Cervical cancer: a global health crisis. Cancer. 2017; 123: 2404–2412.

[12] Hoff PM, Machado KK. Role of angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of cancer. Cancer Treatment Reviews. 2012; 38: 825–833.

[13] Yang P, Chen N, Yang D, Crane J, Huang B, Dong R, et al. Cervical cancer cell–derived angiopoietins promote tumor progression. Tumor Biology. 2017; 39: 101042831771165.

[14] Wu X, Zhou C, Zhang Y, Yan R, Wei W, Chen X, et al. Cancer-derived exosomal miR-221-3p promotes angiogenesis by targeting THBS2 in cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Angiogenesis. 2019; 22: 397–410.

[15] Magnon C, Hall SJ, Lin J, Xue X, Gerber L, Freedland SJ, et al. Autonomic Nerve Development Contributes to Prostate Cancer Progression. Science. 2013; 341: 1236361.

[16] Coarfa C, Florentin D, Putluri N, Ding Y, Au J, He D, et al. Influence of the neural microenvironment on prostate cancer. The Prostate. 2018; 78: 128–139.

[17] Madeo M, Colbert PL, Vermeer DW, Lucido CT, Cain JT, Vichaya EG, et al. Cancer exosomes induce tumor innervation. Nature Communications. 2018; 9: 4284.

[18] Lucido CT, Wynja E, Madeo M, Williamson CS, Schwartz LE, Imblum BA, et al. Innervation of cervical carcinoma is mediated by cancer-derived exosomes. Gynecologic Oncology. 2019; 154: 228–235.

[19] Brabletz T, Kalluri R, Nieto MA, Weinberg RA. EMT in cancer. Nature Reviews Cancer. 2018; 18: 128–134.

[20] Yi HY, Zhou CF, Liang L. Exosomes derived from cervical carcinoma cells promote preneoplastic cell invasion in vitro via epithelial mesenchymal transition. Progress in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2017; 26: 165–168.

[21] Valadi H, Ekström K, Bossios A, Sjöstrand M, Lee JJ, Lötvall JO. Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. Nature Cell Biology. 2007; 9: 654–659.

[22] Qu Z, Fa ZZ, Tang JJ, Chen WB, Jiang Y, Sun DL. The expression of serum exosomal miR-665 and its correlation with clinical parameters in hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery. 2018; 30: 453–456.

[23] Wei P, Du LT, Wang Q, Zhan Y, Xie YJ, Zhang SJ, et al. Diagnostic value of serum exosomal miR-20b-5p for non-small cell lung cancer. Journal of Shandong University (Health Science). 2019; 57: 91–96.

[24] Li MY, Ji L, Huang HP, Cheng FW, Hu XQ, Liu JS. Expression of miR-222 in serum exosomes of patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma and its clinical significance. Chinese Clinical Oncology. 2019; 24: 523–527.

[25] Liu J, Sun H, Wang X, Yu Q, Li SH, Yu XY, et al. Increased exosomal microRNA-21 and microRNA-146a levels in the cervicovaginal lavage specimens of patients with cervical cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2014; 15: 758–773.

[26] Zheng M, Hou L, Ma Y, Zhou L, Wang F, Cheng B, et al. Exosomal let-7d-3p and miR-30d-5p as diagnostic biomarkers for non-invasive screening of cervical cancer and its precursors. Molecular Cancer. 2019; 18: 76.

[27] Chiantore MV, Mangino G, Iuliano M, Zangrillo MS, De Lillis I, Vaccari G, et al. Human papillomavirus E6 and E7 oncoproteins affect the expression of cancer-related microRNAs: additional evidence in HPV-induced tumorigenesis. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 2016; 142: 1751–1763.

[28] Cui HJ, Zhang YN, Li HT. Mechanism of Exosome miRNA29 in Cervical Cancer Metastasis. Chinese Journal of Cancer Prevention and Treatment. 2018; 6.

[29] Lin Y, Zhang C, Xiang P, Shen J, Sun W, Yu H. Exosomes derived from HeLa cells break down vascular integrity by triggering endoplasmic reticulum stress in endothelial cells. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. 2020; 9: 1722385.

[30] Xia CL, Chen JM, Chen RH. The new approaches of cervical cancer related signaling pathways and therapeutic target drugs. Chemistry of Life. 2016. 36: 879–884.

[31] Zhang W, Zhou Q, Wei Y, Da M, Zhang C, Zhong J, et al. The exosome-mediated PI3k/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in cervical cancer. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology. 2019; 12: 2474.

[32] Vader P, Mol EA, Pasterkamp G, Schiffelers RM. Extracellular vesicles for drug delivery. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2016; 106: 148–156.

[33] Kanchanapally R, Deshmukh SK, Chavva SR, Tyagi N, Srivastava SK, Patel GK, et al. Drug-loaded exosomal preparations from different cell types exhibit distinctive loading capability, yield, and antitumor efficacies: a comparative analysis. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 2019; 14: 531–541.

[34] Anand P, Sundaram C, Jhurani S, Kunnumakkara AB, Aggarwal BB. Curcumin and cancer: an “old-age” disease with an “age-old” solution. Cancer Letters. 2008; 267: 133–164.

[35] O’Loughlin AJ, Mäger I, de Jong OG, Varela MA, Schiffelers RM, El Andaloussi S, et al. Functional Delivery of Lipid-Conjugated siRNA by Extracellular Vesicles. Molecular Therapy. 2017; 25: 1580–1587.

[36] Ren G, Wang Y, Yuan S, Wang B. Dendritic cells loaded with HeLa-derived exosomes simulate an antitumor immune response. Oncology Letters. 2018; 15: 6636–6640.

[37] Kanlikilicer P, Bayraktar R, Denizli M, Rashed MH, Ivan C, Aslan B, et al. Exosomal miRNA confers chemo resistance via targeting Cav1/p-gp/M2-type macrophage axis in ovarian cancer. EBioMedicine. 2018; 38: 100–112.

[38] Jing C, Cao H, Qin X, Yu S, Wu J, Wang Z, et al. Exosome mediated gefitinib resistance in lung cancer HCC827 cells via delivery of miR 21. Oncology Letters. 2018; 15: 9811–9817.