Subjective perceptions of breast cancer treatment experiences in women: a Q methodological approach

Background: Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers among women worldwide, and the physical and psychological burden of treatment significantly affects their quality of life. While medical advancements have improved survival rates, understanding patients’ subjective experiences remains critical for delivering holistic and patient-centered care. Therefore, this study aimed to explore and classify the subjective perspectives and attitudes of women with breast cancer regarding their treatment experiences using Q methodology. Methods: An exploratory Q methodological approach was used to investigate how women with breast cancer perceive their treatment experiences. The research process included: (1) generating a Q-population of 151 statements through literature reviews, open-ended questionnaires, and in-depth interviews, later refined to a 35-statement Q-sample through expert validation; (2) a P-sample of 40 participants was recruited from self-help groups in four cities between 20 April and 20 May 2025, to complete the Q-sorting procedure; (3) analyzing the data using factor analysis via the PQMethod software. Results: Four distinct typologies emerged, representing the participants’ subjective experiences: Positive Acceptance and Growth, Emotionally Unstable and Anxious, Social Relationship-Oriented, and Physically Distressed and Body-Conscious. These four types collectively accounted for 38.36% of the total variance. The intercorrelations among the types were low, suggesting relatively independent attitudinal patterns. Conclusions: The findings underscore the necessity for tailored nursing interventions and psychological support strategies that correspond to each identified type. In particular, interventions aimed at fostering emotional resilience and enhancing social support networks are critical. This study provides foundational data for developing individualized nursing and counseling programs to support women undergoing breast cancer treatment.

Breast cancer; Q methodology; Subjective perception; Treatment experience; Typology

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